Anonymity Online: Tor and the Tor Browser

"Use Tor". Edward Snowden gave this simple suggestion via Twitter to FBI employees whose private communications had been read by their employer, and he definitely knows what he's talking about. Snowden's disclosure of the surveillance practices of certain US intelligence services forced the whistleblower into exile. Data protection activists argue that he should be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, while some of his detractors would prefer to see him sentenced to death.

For journalists and regime critics living under an authoritarian system, using Tor to encrypt messages can be a matter of life and death. However, anyone who cares about data protection and privacy online should be aware of the different options available for making your digital activity anonymous. And there are few apps that accomplish this as effectively as Tor.

Tor is an acronym for "The Onion Router" and was originally developed as a way for the US Navy to keep their communications secret. The program anonymizes your Internet communications by routing your data through a network of nodes, referred to as Tor relays.

Imagine that you want to send a letter to someone. You compose your message and write the recipient's address on the envelope. However, instead of dropping it off at the post office or in a postbox, you put the letter in a box that only one person has a key for. This box is inside of an even larger box that, once again, only a single person can unlock. Imagine several more such boxes (each containing all of the boxes that came before it). In this manner, your letter and its contents are now protected by multiple layers, according to the principle of asymmetrical encryption, similar to the layers of an onion.

This is how Tor protects your communications online.

Tor is not the only option available for anonymizing your Internet data traffic. In fact, another three-letter acronym, VPN (Virtual Private Network) offers something very similar.

To protect your privacy, a VPN reroutes your data through an encrypted server operated by a third-party provider, which is typically an individual company that you trust with your data. In contrast, Tor is a massive network that encrypts your data through multiple layers.

Owing to the sizable number of VPN providers, directly comparing the two methods is difficult. With that said, there are a few general differences to be aware of when deciding on which to use.

The Pros and Cons of Tor:

The Pros and Cons of VPNs:

Tor or VPN?

Generalizing is difficult because each VPN provider is different, however, there are some things worth considering:

For ultra-sensitive communication, such as those of journalists, whistleblowers, or regime critics, Tor can be vital. However, VPNs are usually sufficient for more everyday data protection purposes. If using a VPN, you should research providers since you'll be trusting them with your data. We've looked at a number of different VPN providers, and you can check out our results here.

Of course, you can combine Tor with a VPN. While this maximizes your security, it also creates its own set of challenges.

If you've decided to go with Tor Browser for protecting your communications, you can download it from the Tor Project's website. The browser is available for Windows, macOS, and GNU/Linux in 25 languages.

1. To start, select the destination folder where you want Tor to be created on your computer, installing it like any other program.

2. Once installed, open the application. If you want to manage certain settings, like using Tor with a proxy server, click on "Configure". If not, simply click on "Connect", which should link you to the Tor network.

3. When starting Tor, you'll have to be a little patient while the service connects to the network. During the first session, this process can take several minutes. As soon as a connection has been established, the browser will load within a few seconds.

4. You're now online with Tor. Because the browser is based off of Mozilla's Firefox, using it is pretty straightforward.

5. You can find the ideal balance between data protection and functionality by adjusting the security settings. Tor Browser is pre-configured to the lowest of its three security levels (compared to other browsers, this is still highly secure, however). A higher security level can, for example, interfere with JavaScript and HTML5 media.

Tor is a program, a network, and a browser all in one. Moreover, it's greater than the sum of its parts: Anyone who's ever considered learning more about Tor has certainly wondered about their data protection and Internet usage.

Tor offers an effective way of regaining your anonymity online even though it might not be the most practical, especially in comparison to a VPN. It goes without saying that there exist many other methods of staying anonymous when surfing the Web.

Edward Snowden's suggestion to use Tor shouldn't fall on deaf ears, especially among those who need to communicate particularly sensitive information.